本帖最後由 ace 於 2013-9-8 13:40 編輯
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1. 尤其在商業上,報章雜誌或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ h2 V t. v k9 G$ H+ N5 p; C
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (許多人認為道德教育是高等知識的基礎) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), p: K% N z0 y" S0 S
! S* W3 k6 H! z+ OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英畝的土地是本大學發展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,會更簡單易懂。)
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4 {2 } s/ ]; }0 L/ s1 p0 [6 }- |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (這消息已散佈到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?) (動詞時態是:spread, spread, spread)
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (這大學的校長個子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?)
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E& c8 `0 t/ e1 H) ~6 Q1 Q" q& uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。)! r4 ]6 ~& w0 t% `% T/ f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想嘗試當個醫生) (如果用try代替endeavor,會更淺白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 j/ c0 w! \9 n) Z. ?" W. D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我們希望將來看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單!)
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4 ]8 P; F8 C- C; G; GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善機構要求我們一年一度樂捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更淺白易懂。)(solicitation是名詞). w' H T& z6 m9 s! t+ E
/ R/ g& T: d0 N. q+ W" oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (當新老闆來後,我們不知會有什麼發生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。)
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提過的事,請盡速辦理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)
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這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不願在字典裡找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個字,因為我同樣可以用『city』這個字來代替」。羅斯福總統為了強調美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞裡用了這麼一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」後來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!4 c1 ?+ m, X/ W* T' c2 |- w( ]
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2. 老外也主張不寫嚕囌或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應該越短越好,一句能用兩個字,絕不多加一個。$ k# |$ u0 i+ z2 d
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例如:
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現在我們應該為我們的目標團結一致)(如果說:Now, we should pull......更簡單。因為 at this point in time = now)6 i( x3 |. j4 R+ F& K% e& r
r: r, T q! K; e7 ~8 }% a1 `6 MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。) (如果說:Although my English is not...... 就更簡短。因為despite the fact tha t= although = Though), ^) o3 d* E2 o6 G% J: }! |) {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應該辭職) (假如說:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更簡單嗎?因為I am of the opinion = I think)! r- K2 }9 L: b0 U8 F, T Q9 ~# u( v
0 ?7 r+ M5 ~+ ]3 F; u1 H& JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由於生病而辭職) (若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因為 due to the fact that = because)
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- o6 f" Q/ f; t) PIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室) (如果說:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更簡單。因為 in the majority of cases = usually)
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜歡茶而不是咖啡) (若說:She prefers tea rather......更簡短清楚,因為 show a preference for = prefer)- F2 P, ^5 a2 v s* y9 F) U
4 a/ u" @ ~6 M1 o9 S C' w$ n0 _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
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5 _$ C7 j0 b) N$ a如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更簡單嗎?因為 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最後面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意義的重複或用字的多餘 (redundant); 例如:
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) Y" ^# f- y* q2 M7 n2 bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家認為我們必須立即行動)(of opinion 可以省去,因為 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。)
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信顯示問題尚未解決)(continue to 是多餘的字,因為 remain 已經有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)
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# q# ^3 Q: O) |& u- oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演說裡做出結論) (final 是多餘的字,因為 conclusion 已經含有 final 的意思。)8 E: p! b3 q" Z$ h" Q2 r2 b" c! R% ~: S
8 G2 N. m2 h1 g0 {% f) r8 P |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年經商的經驗) (actual 也是多餘的字,因為 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 e! H1 @' `( _! [( ^
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我們裝好收音機的零件)(因為 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多餘的)
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% a) m1 l. H( T1 L; }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多餘的字,因為 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上會議報告,請查收)
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5 U% r6 X# w6 n) S2 k. T5 |( o寫到這裡,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕囌的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時,他的回信只有三個字「我會到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的說:「講演或寫作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
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6 E( j0 T$ D `8 P: T5 t' f此外還有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
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3.老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區別,以示「平等」。
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* [6 S( ~& ^5 q: C5 ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 後面動詞要用多數,而 man 的後面動詞,則用單數)( e; U- v- t. Q8 l- {7 n) n4 q
0 g! c" r. f8 Z/ W# Y4 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發展這裡的經濟,似乎缺乏人力資源。)(如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工)(如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就沒有男女之分了), d0 T% F% A9 {" S5 K B; p
" L2 N' @* \. j5 s5 f/ `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從1998年他就是委員會主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。) (如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator。) ?( L! K' Z* d' E( s- G" K
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是單數 man 或 woman,其多數都是 men 或 women。)7 x5 A5 l( T# B7 z" M
5 p2 F3 E6 K9 T8 u9 Q6 Y: R0 RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察對人民應該有禮貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別)
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (國會議員應該為其選民說話)(constitute = voter) (我們也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改為 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)
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) D+ W: e1 N: l0 V# l3 s& tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(國際航線的空中小姐有時會有時差疲憊的現象)(如把 stewardess 改為 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務員。)
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同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor 等等。$ \( y6 K4 P7 E J Q# Q' o9 m7 W
6 ?# H- M8 P6 ]9 Y/ |* B當然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
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" Z9 h, k3 o6 B z, q7 V+ z e對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
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, t. a4 D" }, a/ \3 N& r1 r對白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
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對猶太人不要用 Hymies,應該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ r6 n% X' V7 z
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對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# h( A" [' p4 k" E# l- o$ i. h p
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至於墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據說西班牙人為了維護自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。 更多信息請訪問:9 Q; k: D1 k0 ]9 l7 x/ j
, d: n3 o2 h8 E% }6 e還有黑白結婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,裡面是白奶油)。
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1 G9 D$ d# ]- W( F. a有偏見的老外,不叫華人為 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍)。遇到這種事,怎麼辦呢?我建議:「君子不與小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走開」(walk away)。不過老外與你談話時,如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那麼你就可以說:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的)。# {2 G1 P7 N/ ~& b; l6 F
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